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AUTHENTIC VIETNAMESE LIVING
From its founding in the early centuries of our era, influenced by various dynasties and external cultures, Vietnam has played a pivotal role in Southeast Asian history. Its rich cultural tapestry reflects influences from Chinese, French, and American interactions, blended with deeply rooted Vietnamese traditions. With its stunning architectural heritage, from ancient temples to colonial-era buildings, Vietnam offers a timeless journey through its dynamic and enduring cultural legacy.
After the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, Vietnam underwent a remarkable transformation. The nation embraced political and economic reforms, joining the global community and positioning itself as a dynamic player in Southeast Asia. Its thriving arts scene, expanding tourism industry, and focus on education and technology showcase a country that honors its past while forging a bright future. Today, Vietnam is a bridge between tradition and modernity, celebrated for its unique language, cuisine, and spirit of resilience.
We have created a selection of words and expressions that you won't find in any textbook or course, to make you become a real native by helping you understand Vietnamese words that carry a deeper cultural meaning as well as expand your knowledge of the country and its history.
Speak and think like a native Vietnamese!
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With a one-time purchase you will also get over 10 hours of Podcasts to Practice your Vietnamese listening skills as well as Dialogues with Exercises to achieve your own Vietnamese Master Certificate. Start speaking Vietnamese today!
Áo dài
The áo dài (Vietnamese long tunic) is one of the most recognizable forms of traditional Vietnamese clothing and is widely regarded as a national cultural symbol. Its modern form consists of a long, fitted tunic worn over loose quần dài (long trousers), usually with side slits extending from the waist downward. Although today it is especially associated with women, versions for men also exist and are worn during formal ceremonies, religious events, weddings, and important cultural occasions.
The modern áo dài developed gradually from earlier Vietnamese garments rather than appearing in a single historical moment. One important predecessor was the áo ngũ thân (five-panel gown), which became influential during the Nguyễn period. In the early twentieth century, Vietnamese designers began modifying traditional clothing by introducing a closer fit, longer panels, and elements influenced by contemporary fashion. These changes eventually produced the streamlined silhouette now associated with the áo dài.
Traditional áo dài are commonly made from lụa (silk), although modern versions may also use brocade, satin, chiffon, velvet, or synthetic fabrics. Decorative techniques include thêu (embroidery), printed floral motifs, painted designs, and elaborate patterns inspired by Vietnamese nature and history. The long front and back tà áo (garment panels) move freely while walking, while the fitted upper section emphasizes a formal and elegant appearance.
The garment remains important in Vietnamese public life. Students at some schools, especially girls, wear a white áo dài trắng (white áo dài) as a school uniform on designated days. It is also frequently worn during Tết Nguyên Đán (Lunar New Year), weddings, diplomatic ceremonies, cultural festivals, and official celebrations. Brides may choose a red áo dài cưới (wedding áo dài), while men sometimes wear traditional versions with a khăn đóng (traditional Vietnamese headdress).
Today, designers continue to reinterpret the áo dài through new cuts, fabrics, colors, and motifs. Despite these changes, its basic structure remains closely connected with Vietnamese ideas of truyền thống (tradition), bản sắc dân tộc (national identity), and formal cultural presentation. The áo dài therefore functions not only as clothing but also as an enduring visual expression of Vietnamese heritage.
Bánh chưng
Bánh chưng (square glutinous-rice cake) is one of the most important traditional foods associated with Tết Nguyên Đán (Vietnamese Lunar New Year). It is made primarily from gạo nếp (glutinous rice), đậu xanh (mung beans), and thịt lợn (pork), which are wrapped tightly in lá dong (dong leaves) and boiled for many hours. Its characteristic square shape and green wrapping make it immediately recognizable during the New Year season.
According to Vietnamese tradition, bánh chưng is connected with the legend of Lang Liêu (Prince Lang Liêu), a son of the legendary Hùng King. The story explains that Lang Liêu created bánh chưng using simple agricultural ingredients to symbolize the importance of rice and farming. The square cake came to represent đất (earth), while the round bánh dày (round glutinous-rice cake) represented trời (heaven). The legend has helped establish bánh chưng as a symbol of Vietnamese agricultural civilization and respect for ancestral traditions.
Preparing bánh chưng is traditionally a family activity. Rice is soaked, mung beans are cooked and prepared, and pork is usually seasoned with muối (salt) and tiêu (pepper). The ingredients are arranged inside the leaves before the package is tied securely with lạt (bamboo strings). The cakes are then placed in a large pot and luộc (boiled) continuously, often for eight to twelve hours.
During Tết, families commonly place bánh chưng on the bàn thờ tổ tiên (ancestral altar) as an offering before eating it during holiday meals. This practice reflects the importance of thờ cúng tổ tiên (ancestor worship) and family remembrance in Vietnamese culture. After boiling, the cake becomes dense and slightly sticky, with the rice absorbing the flavors of the pork and mung beans.
Bánh chưng may be eaten at room temperature, reheated, or cut into pieces and chiên (fried) until crisp. Beyond its culinary role, it remains closely associated with đoàn tụ gia đình (family reunion), lòng biết ơn (gratitude), and the preservation of Vietnamese New Year customs.
Cà phê trứng
Cà phê trứng (egg coffee) is a distinctive Vietnamese drink made by combining strong coffee with a thick, sweet mixture of egg yolk, sugar, and condensed milk. The beverage is usually prepared with cà phê robusta (Robusta coffee), which gives it a strong, bitter base that contrasts with the rich topping. The upper layer is typically whipped until it becomes light, creamy, and slightly foamy, producing a texture closer to a dessert cream than ordinary coffee.
The drink is generally associated with northern Vietnamese coffee culture and developed during the twentieth century, when fresh milk was not always easily available. Lòng đỏ trứng (egg yolk) was used with sữa đặc (condensed milk) and sugar to create a creamy substitute that could be served over coffee. The mixture is beaten thoroughly until it becomes smooth and pale before being added to freshly brewed coffee. This preparation gives cà phê trứng its characteristic balance of vị đắng (bitterness) and vị ngọt (sweetness).
Traditional Vietnamese coffee is often brewed using a small metal phin (Vietnamese drip filter). Ground coffee is placed inside the filter, hot water is added, and the liquid slowly drips into the cup below. Because the brewing process is relatively slow, the resulting coffee is concentrated and aromatic. The egg mixture is then placed on top, creating two contrasting lớp (layers) that may be stirred together before drinking.
Cà phê trứng is frequently served in a small cup placed inside a bowl of nước nóng (hot water) to help maintain its temperature. Some cafés also prepare cold versions or variations using cocoa, cinnamon, or other flavorings. The original style, however, remains based on the combination of coffee, egg yolk, sugar, and condensed milk.
The drink reflects Vietnam’s broader văn hóa cà phê (coffee culture), in which strong local coffee is often combined with distinctive preparation methods. Today, cà phê trứng is both a familiar café specialty and a recognizable example of Vietnamese culinary adaptation.
Đổi Mới
Đổi Mới (renovation) refers to the major program of economic and institutional reforms launched by the Communist Party of Vietnam at its Sixth National Congress in December 1986. The reforms were introduced after years of economic difficulties, including low productivity, shortages, inflation, and weaknesses in the centrally planned system. Đổi Mới did not abandon socialism but sought to develop a nền kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa (socialist-oriented market economy) in which market mechanisms would operate alongside continued state leadership.
Before the reforms, much production and distribution were controlled through kế hoạch hóa tập trung (central planning), state enterprises, and administrative allocation. Đổi Mới gradually expanded quyền tự chủ (autonomy) for enterprises, reduced many price controls, encouraged household production, and allowed greater participation by the khu vực tư nhân (private sector). Agricultural reforms were especially important because farming households gained stronger rights to manage land and sell their output. These changes increased năng suất (productivity) and helped Vietnam transform from a country facing food shortages into a major agricultural exporter.
Another central element was greater hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế (international economic integration). Vietnam encouraged đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài (foreign direct investment), expanded exports, normalized relations with more countries, joined ASEAN in 1995, and became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2007. Manufacturing, infrastructure, services, and international trade subsequently expanded rapidly, contributing to sustained tăng trưởng kinh tế (economic growth) and major reductions in tỷ lệ nghèo (poverty rate).
Đổi Mới also changed everyday economic life. Private businesses, foreign companies, consumer markets, and urban employment became much more important, while doanh nghiệp nhà nước (state-owned enterprises) continued to occupy strategic sectors. The government has repeatedly pursued cải cách hành chính (administrative reform), modernization, and restructuring while maintaining the political leadership of the Communist Party.
Today, Đổi Mới remains a fundamental concept for understanding modern Vietnam. It describes both the reforms that began in 1986 and the broader process of balancing phát triển (development), market competition, social objectives, and state direction. Its legacy continues to shape Vietnam’s economic policies, international relationships, and long-term modernization strategy.
Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương
Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương (Hùng Kings Commemoration Day) is a major Vietnamese national observance dedicated to the legendary Hùng Kings, traditionally regarded as the founders of the first Vietnamese state. The holiday is celebrated annually on the tenth day of the third lunar month and is closely connected with ideas of nguồn cội (ancestral origins), lòng biết ơn (gratitude), and national historical memory. Since 2007, it has been recognized as an official public holiday in Vietnam.
The Hùng Kings are associated with the ancient kingdom of Văn Lang (Văn Lang kingdom), which Vietnamese tradition places in the early formation of the nation. Historical details about this period combine legend, oral tradition, and later written accounts, so the kings are understood more as foundational cultural figures than as rulers documented in the modern historical sense. Their commemoration emphasizes dựng nước (nation-building) and the duty of later generations to remember those believed to have established the country.
Central ceremonies include dâng hương (incense offering), ritual processions, traditional music, and offerings of symbolic foods. Among the best-known ceremonial foods are bánh chưng (square glutinous-rice cake) and bánh dày (round glutinous-rice cake), both linked to legends concerning the Hùng period. Participants also honor tổ tiên (ancestors) and express respect for the continuity of Vietnamese communities across generations.
The observance is closely associated with the proverb Uống nước nhớ nguồn (When drinking water, remember its source), which expresses the importance of remembering those who came before. This principle is central to Vietnamese ideas of đạo lý (moral tradition) and collective responsibility. Schools, cultural organizations, and public institutions often use the occasion to teach younger generations about national history and heritage.
In 2012, UNESCO recognized the worship of the Hùng Kings as part of the di sản văn hóa phi vật thể (intangible cultural heritage) of humanity. Today, Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương continues to combine religious practice, historical remembrance, and bản sắc dân tộc (national identity) in one of Vietnam’s most important annual commemorations.
Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam
The Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam (Vietnam Fatherland Front) is an important political and social organization within Vietnam’s political system. Under the Constitution, it is defined as a liên minh chính trị (political alliance) and voluntary union of political organizations, socio-political organizations, social organizations, and representative individuals. Its central purpose is to strengthen the khối đại đoàn kết toàn dân tộc (great national unity bloc) by bringing together different social groups, ethnic communities, religions, and overseas Vietnamese.
The Front represents and protects the quyền và lợi ích hợp pháp, chính đáng (lawful and legitimate rights and interests) of the people. It also conducts giám sát xã hội (social supervision) and phản biện xã hội (social criticism) concerning policies and activities of public institutions. Another important responsibility is promoting đồng thuận xã hội (social consensus) and encouraging citizens to participate in public affairs.
Its tổ chức thành viên (member organizations) include major socio-political organizations such as the Vietnam Women’s Union, Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union, Vietnam Farmers’ Union, Vietnam General Confederation of Labour, and Vietnam Veterans’ Association. These organizations cooperate in vận động nhân dân (mobilizing the population) and organizing phong trào thi đua yêu nước (patriotic emulation movements). The Front is also active in an sinh xã hội (social welfare), poverty reduction, charitable campaigns, and cứu trợ thiên tai (disaster relief).
The organization also participates in Vietnam’s electoral and institutional processes. It contributes to consultations concerning candidates for Quốc hội (National Assembly) and Hội đồng nhân dân (People’s Councils), while encouraging voter participation. Through đối ngoại nhân dân (people-to-people diplomacy), it also maintains contacts with foreign organizations and Vietnamese communities abroad.
In May 2026, the Front held its 11th National Congress for the 2026–2031 term. The new period emphasizes stronger hoạt động ở cơ sở (grassroots activity), digital skills, practical social programs, and measurable results rather than purely formal campaigns. The Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam therefore remains an important institution for understanding hệ thống chính trị (political system), public participation, social organization, and state-society relations in contemporary Vietnam.
Phở
Phở (Vietnamese noodle soup) is one of the most internationally recognized dishes of Vietnamese cuisine. It is built around a clear but intensely flavored nước dùng (broth), flat bánh phở (rice noodles), fresh herbs, and thinly sliced meat. The two most common versions are phở bò (beef phở) and phở gà (chicken phở), although regional and modern variations are widespread.
The dish developed in northern Vietnam during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Its exact origins remain debated, but historians generally connect its development with northern Vietnamese food traditions, the expansion of beef consumption, and cultural exchanges during the French colonial period. The broth is traditionally prepared by slowly simmering bones with gia vị (spices) such as quế (cinnamon), hoa hồi (star anise), cloves, ginger, and grilled onion.
Regional differences are important. Northern-style phở is often characterized by a clearer broth and relatively restrained use of garnishes, while southern-style phở may be sweeter and served with a larger assortment of rau thơm (fresh herbs), bean sprouts, lime, and sauces. Diners may add tương ớt (chili sauce), tương đen (hoisin-style sauce), or fresh chili according to personal preference.
Phở is commonly eaten for bữa sáng (breakfast), although specialized restaurants may serve it throughout the day and late into the evening. A bowl is usually assembled by placing cooked noodles in a bowl, adding sliced meat, and pouring hot broth over the ingredients. Additional hành lá (spring onion), coriander, and other herbs are added immediately before serving.
The dish is also closely connected with Vietnamese ẩm thực đường phố (street food culture). Small family-run restaurants and street stalls have traditionally played a major role in making phở accessible to people from different social backgrounds. Today, it is served everywhere from inexpensive neighborhood eateries to luxury hotels and international restaurants.
Beyond its culinary importance, phở has become an important symbol of ẩm thực Việt Nam (Vietnamese cuisine) abroad. Its combination of rice noodles, aromatic broth, herbs, and carefully balanced seasonings illustrates central features of Vietnamese cooking, including freshness, contrast, and the controlled use of hương vị (flavors).
Quốc khánh 2/9
Quốc khánh 2/9 (Vietnam’s National Day on September 2) is one of the most important public holidays in modern Vietnam. It commemorates the declaration of độc lập (independence) on September 2, 1945, when Hồ Chí Minh proclaimed the establishment of the Nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa (Democratic Republic of Vietnam). The event marked the end of formal French colonial rule and became a central reference point in the development of the modern Vietnamese state.
The declaration followed the Cách mạng Tháng Tám (August Revolution) of 1945, during which the Việt Minh took control of major administrative centers as Japanese authority collapsed at the end of the Second World War. Hồ Chí Minh delivered the Tuyên ngôn Độc lập (Declaration of Independence) before a large crowd. The text asserted Vietnam’s right to tự do (freedom), national sovereignty, and self-determination.
September 2 later became the official ngày lễ quốc gia (national holiday) of Vietnam. Government buildings, streets, and public spaces are commonly decorated with the quốc kỳ (national flag), while public ceremonies emphasize chủ quyền quốc gia (national sovereignty) and historical remembrance. Television and media organizations frequently broadcast documentaries, historical programs, and commemorative material connected with the 1945 declaration.
The holiday is also associated with public celebrations, cultural events, exhibitions, concerts, and pháo hoa (fireworks) in major urban areas. Many people use the extended holiday period for family visits or domestic travel. Museums and historical sites may organize special programs focused on the lịch sử hiện đại (modern history) of Vietnam and the struggle for national independence.
The date also carries an additional historical association because Hồ Chí Minh died on September 2, 1969, although his death was officially announced the following day. Today, Quốc khánh 2/9 remains closely connected with lòng yêu nước (patriotism), đoàn kết dân tộc (national unity), and the legitimacy of the modern Vietnamese state. It is therefore both a public holiday and an important annual occasion for reflecting on Vietnam’s twentieth-century political history.
Tò he
Tò he (traditional Vietnamese rice-dough figurine) is a traditional Vietnamese folk toy made by shaping colored rice dough into miniature people, animals, flowers, and characters from legends or popular stories. The craft is especially associated with northern Vietnam and has survived for generations despite competition from industrially manufactured toys. Historically, tò he appeared at lễ hội dân gian (folk festivals), markets, temple gatherings, and celebrations where children could watch artisans work. Today, it is also presented at schools, cultural events, and heritage programs as an example of Vietnamese nghệ thuật dân gian (folk art).
The basic material is bột gạo (rice flour), traditionally prepared from a mixture of ordinary and gạo nếp (glutinous rice). The dough is cooked until it becomes soft enough for nặn (sculpting) and is then divided into portions and colored. Traditional coloring could use natural ingredients such as gấc (gac fruit), turmeric, and vegetables, producing red, yellow, green, and other colors. Finished figures are normally attached to small que tre (bamboo sticks), making them easy for children to hold.
Traditional designs include con vật (animals), flowers, fruits, mythical creatures, and figures from Vietnamese history and folklore. Skilled nghệ nhân (artisan) can create recognizable forms very quickly using only their fingers and a few simple tools. The craft requires considerable khéo léo (dexterity) because tiny details such as eyes, clothing, horns, or facial expressions must be formed from small pieces of soft dough. Modern makers have also introduced cartoon characters and contemporary subjects to attract younger audiences.
Tò he was historically more than a decorative toy. Early figurines could also be connected with đồ cúng (ritual offerings), particularly shapes representing animals or foods used in religious contexts. Over time, the craft became increasingly associated with children’s entertainment and ký ức tuổi thơ (childhood memories). Its continued survival illustrates how a simple rural craft can develop into a recognizable symbol of Vietnamese cultural heritage.
Today, efforts to preserve the tradition emphasize truyền nghề (passing down the craft), workshops, tourism, and educational activities. Visitors can learn directly from artisans and make their own figurines, turning tò he into a form of trải nghiệm văn hóa (cultural experience). These programs help introduce younger generations to di sản (heritage) while providing new economic opportunities for craft families. Tò he therefore remains both a children’s toy and a living expression of Vietnamese traditional creativity.
Cải lương
Cải lương (reformed theatre) is a major form of Vietnamese musical theatre that developed in southern Vietnam during the early twentieth century. Its name literally refers to cải cách (reform) or improvement, reflecting its origins as a theatrical style that combined older performance traditions with newer dramatic techniques. Cải lương brings together ca hát (singing), spoken dialogue, instrumental music, acting, and carefully structured dramatic stories.
The genre developed partly from đờn ca tài tử (southern amateur chamber music), an important musical tradition of southern Vietnam. Performances use instruments such as the đàn kìm (moon lute), đàn cò (two-string fiddle), đàn tranh (Vietnamese zither), and modified guitar. One of its most recognizable musical elements is vọng cổ (nostalgia for the past), a melodic form characterized by slow, expressive singing and emotional ornamentation. Vọng cổ became central to cải lương and is frequently used during scenes of intense reflection, grief, love, or separation.
Cải lương stories cover a wide range of subjects. Some are based on lịch sử (history), truyền thuyết (legends), or traditional moral conflicts, while others portray contemporary family relationships, social inequality, romance, and political change. Historical productions often feature elaborate trang phục (costumes), royal courts, military characters, and stylized settings, whereas modern stories may use ordinary domestic environments.
The performance style places strong emphasis on cảm xúc (emotion) and the interaction between singing and dramatic dialogue. Successful nghệ sĩ (performers) must therefore possess both vocal skill and acting ability. Distinctive gestures, facial expressions, and vocal techniques help communicate the psychological state of a character to the audience.
Cải lương became especially popular through theatres, radio, recordings, and later television. Although its mass popularity declined as new forms of entertainment expanded, it remains an important part of Vietnamese di sản sân khấu (theatrical heritage). Cultural institutions and performers continue efforts at bảo tồn (preservation), training younger artists and adapting productions for contemporary audiences while maintaining the musical and dramatic foundations of the genre.
Lễ Rước Dâu
Lễ Rước Dâu (bride-pickup ceremony) is a traditional part of Vietnamese wedding customs in which the groom’s family formally goes to receive the bride and accompany her to the groom’s home or wedding venue. The ceremony forms part of phong tục cưới hỏi (wedding customs) and usually takes place after earlier stages such as the formal engagement. Although practices vary between regions and families, the event traditionally symbolizes the bride’s transition into a new family household.
On the wedding day, representatives of the groom’s family arrive at the bride’s home in an organized đoàn rước dâu (bridal procession). Senior relatives often lead the group, while younger family members carry ceremonial gifts. These gifts may be arranged in decorated mâm quả (ceremonial gift trays) containing tea, wine, fruit, cakes, betel leaves, areca nuts, or other symbolic foods. The number and contents of the trays vary according to regional tradition and family preference.
Before the bride leaves, both families usually participate in a formal greeting and introduction. The couple may perform lễ gia tiên (ancestor ceremony) at the bride’s home by offering incense at the bàn thờ tổ tiên (ancestral altar). This act expresses respect toward deceased relatives and acknowledges the importance of thờ cúng tổ tiên (ancestor worship) in Vietnamese family life. Parents or senior relatives may then give advice, blessings, jewelry, or other gifts to the couple.
The bride traditionally wears an áo dài cưới (wedding áo dài), often in red, pink, gold, or another festive color. The groom may wear a matching áo dài nam (men’s áo dài) or modern formal clothing. After the formal rituals, the bride joins the groom’s family and leaves in the wedding procession, a moment often associated with xuất giá (leaving one’s family to marry).
At the groom’s home, another ancestor ceremony may be performed before the couple is formally introduced to relatives. Modern weddings may simplify or combine several traditional stages, especially in urban areas. Nevertheless, Lễ Rước Dâu remains an important expression of gia đình (family), hiếu kính (filial respect), and the ceremonial union of two Vietnamese families.
Lê Đức Thọ
Lê Đức Thọ was an influential Vietnamese revolutionary, Communist Party official, and nhà ngoại giao (diplomat) who played a central role in negotiations aimed at ending direct American involvement in the Vietnam War. Born Phan Đình Khải in 1911, he became involved in the phong trào cách mạng (revolutionary movement) while still young. French colonial authorities imprisoned him for several years because of his political activity. He later became a senior figure in the Đảng Cộng sản Đông Dương (Indochinese Communist Party) and participated in resistance against French colonial rule.
Following the division of Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva agreements, Lê Đức Thọ became increasingly important within the northern Vietnamese lãnh đạo (leadership). He served for decades within the Communist Party’s senior structures and was closely involved in political organization during the conflict with South Vietnam and the United States. His international reputation, however, is most strongly associated with the đàm phán hòa bình (peace negotiations) conducted in Paris.
Beginning in 1969, Lê Đức Thọ held a long series of private negotiations with U.S. National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger. These difficult discussions concerned a ngừng bắn (ceasefire), American troop withdrawal, prisoners of war, and the political future of Vietnam. The negotiations involved dozens of meetings and eventually produced the Hiệp định Paris (Paris Peace Accords), formally signed on January 27, 1973. The agreement required the withdrawal of U.S. forces and was intended to establish conditions for ending the conflict, although fighting between Vietnamese forces continued afterward.
In 1973, Lê Đức Thọ and Kissinger were jointly awarded the Giải Nobel Hòa bình (Nobel Peace Prize) for negotiating the ceasefire. Lê Đức Thọ became famous internationally for his từ chối (refusal) to accept the prize, arguing that genuine peace had not yet been established in Vietnam. He remains the only person to have voluntarily declined a Nobel Peace Prize after being selected as a laureate.
Lê Đức Thọ continued to exercise considerable influence in Vietnamese chính trị (politics) after 1975 and remained a senior party figure until the 1980s. He died in 1990. His career remains closely connected with ngoại giao (diplomacy), revolutionary politics, national reunification, and one of the most consequential peace negotiations of the twentieth century.
EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE
If you are serious about learning Vietnamese we recommend that you download the Complete Vietnamese Master Course.
You will receive all the information available on the website in a convenient portable digital format as well as additional contents: over 15.000 Vocabulary Words and Useful Phrases, in-depth explanations and exercises for all Grammar Rules, exclusive articles with Cultural Insights that you won't in any other textbook so you can amaze your Viet friends thanks to your knowledge of their country and history.
With a one-time purchase you will also get over 10 hours of Podcasts to Practice your Vietnamese listening skills as well as Dialogues with Exercises to achieve your own Vietnamese Master Certificate. Start speaking Vietnamese today!
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